News Excerpt:

As heatwaves intensify and rainfall patterns become increasingly erratic, a new study has revealed that about 32.8% of India's land area experienced a negative Soil Moisture Anomaly (SMA) in 2023. 

More about the Study:

• Published in the Springer journal, the study underscores the importance of understanding soil moisture content for predicting agricultural droughts and comprehending climate interactions.
• It is the first detailed state-wise assessment of seasonal, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon SMAs.
• The study, titled "Unearthing India’s Soil Moisture Anomalies: Impact on Agriculture and Water Resource Strategies," analyzes soil moisture changes in 2023 compared to historical averages from 2000 to 2005.
• Using soil moisture data at depths of 0 to 10 cm, researchers found that fluctuations in soil moisture levels directly impact crop yields, water availability, and food security, posing unique challenges across India's various climatic zones.

This anomaly, covering approximately 1.08 million square kilometers, indicates a vulnerability to drought stress.

Major Findings of the Study:

• 47.7% of India's geographical area saw soil moisture levels exceeding historical averages, resulting in wetter conditions over about 1.57 million square kilometers. 
• This positive anomaly raises the risks of flooding and waterlogging in both rural and urban areas.
• The study highlights the potential impact of these conditions on agricultural productivity and water resource management.
• The findings stress the need for tailored water management policies to optimize agricultural productivity and improve climate resilience across different regions of India.

Regional disparities across different seasons:

• Between June and September,significant soil moisture deficits of -2.1 mm over 498,677 square kilometers were recorded, necessitating water conservation measures.
  Conversely, from December to February, Punjab experienced positive soil moisture anomalies ranging from 1.19 mm to 8.75 mm, boosting agricultural productivity during the winter months.
  • The researchers suggest utilizing positive SMAs for winter crops to reduce the need for surplus irrigation.
• In contrast, Odisha experienced a negative SMA of -0.59 mm, indicating drier conditions than historical averages.
  • The study recommends that Odisha adopt efficient irrigation techniques and water conservation practices from Punjab to mitigate these deficits.

• It also suggested the need for different approaches to address the disparities.

• For instance, rice paddies in West Bengal require different water management strategies than wheat fields in Punjab, and techniques suitable for farms in Gujarat may not work for rain-fed fields in Odisha.

State-wise Findings and suggestions:

• Andhra Pradesh: Favorable conditions require effective water management solutions.
• Punjab: Positive soil moisture anomalies during the monsoon period support robust crops, potentially preventing flooding and waterlogging.
• Odisha: Positive soil moisture levels during the monsoon suggest that adopting excess water management techniques from Punjab could enhance agricultural output.
• Bihar and Jharkhand: Below-average soil moisture levels highlight the need for water conservation and efficient irrigation techniques to address potential drought impacts.
• Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh: Above-average soil moisture levels exhibit considerable variability, demanding strong water management policies.
• Kerala: Favorable conditions emphasize sustainable farming practices.
• Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Dry conditions underline the need for improved water management practices.
• Assam: Varied soil moisture levels require adaptable agricultural practices and effective water management methods.

Way Forward:

• SMA analysis can help improve the effectiveness of water management and agricultural practices.
• The study recommends developing policies tailored to distinct soil moisture conditions in each region, such as preparing drought management plans for deficit areas and flood management strategies for surplus moisture areas. 
• Additionally, investing in advanced soil moisture monitoring systems using remote sensing and ground-based sensors will provide real-time data, enhancing the ability to make informed decisions quickly.